Policy

Plug-In Electric Vehicles in California: Review of Current Policies, Related Emissions Reductions for 2020, and Policy Outlook

Maggie Witt
Matthew Bomberg
Tim Lipman
Brett Williams
2012

California's emissions reduction goals for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have encouraged policies that support plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). This paper explores current and planned policies that promote PEVs, potential emissions benefits from PEV adoption in California by 2020, and future policy directions. The reviewed policies include the zero-emission vehicle regulations, the low-carbon fuel standard, and the clean car standards, which all require GHG reductions. Policies prompted by the California Public Utilities Commission Alternative-Fueled Vehicle...

Fuel Cell Systems: Total Cost of Ownership

Max Wei
Ahmad Mayyas
Tim Lipman
Hanna Breunig
Roberto Scataglini
Shuk Han Chan
Joshua Chien
David Gosselin
Nadir Saggiorato
Adam Weber
2019

Fuel cells are an electrochemical technology that are reaching the market in transportation and are a growing market in stationary power systems for backup power, primary power, combined heat and power, and materials handling equipment. The first part of this entry describes the manufacturing cost reductions from PEM and SOFC technologies that are estimated from higher-volume fuel cell manufacturing from economies of scale and improvements in overall yield. Fuel cells combined heat and power systems have the capability to displace grid electricity and on-site fuel combustion. In general...

A Total Cost of Ownership Model for Low Temperature PEM Fuel Cells in Combined Heat and Power and Backup Power Applications

Max Wei
Tim Lipman
Ahmad Mayyas
Joshua Chien
Shuk Han Chan
David Gosselin
Hanna Breunig
Michael Stadler
Thomas McKone
Paul Beattie
Patricia Chong
Whitney Colella
Brian James
2014

A total cost of ownership model is described for low temperature proton exchange membrane stationary fuel cell systems for combined heat and power (CHP) applications from 1-250kW and backup power applications from 1-50kW. System designs and functional specifications for these two applications were developed across the range of system power levels. Bottom-up cost estimates were made for balance of plant costs, and detailed direct cost estimates for key fuel cell stack components were derived using design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly techniques. The development of high throughput,...

Evaluating the Public Perception of a Feebate Policy in California Through the Estimation and Cross-Validation of an Ordinal Regression Model

Elliot Martin
Susan Shaheen
Tim Lipman
Madonna Camel
2014

Understanding the key factors influencing policy perception can be critical for informing the design of public policies. Feebates is a unique public policy that is meant to influence vehicle purchases. It presents buyers with a rebate for purchasing low-emission vehicles and a fee for purchasing high-emission vehicles. Because feebates directly impacts the consumer, understanding the dynamics of public perception, support, and opposition is important. This study explores the public perception of a potential feebate policy within California, and evaluates the robustness of an ordinal...

What Will Power the Hydrogen Economy? Present and Future Sources of Hydrogen Energy

Tim Lipman
2004

During the last ten to fifteen years advances in fuel cell technology have spurred an enormous wave of interest in hydrogen. This report first examines various methods for producing hydrogen, including discussion of the production potential for the United States. It then discusses and summarizes hydrogen distribution and delivery options, including a study of the environmental pollutant emissions implications and land and water use impacts of different production options. In addition, potential regional hydrogen production strategies around the U.S., and the potential for regional hydrogen...

Carbon Neutrality Study 1:Driving California’s Transportation Emissions to Zero

Austin Brown
Kelly Fleming
Tim Lipman
Lew Fulton
Jean Daniel Saphores
Gil Tal
Colin Murphy
Susan Shaheen
Bernadette Austin
Juan Carlos Garcia Sanchez
Elliot Martin
Marshall Miller
Michael Hyland
Susan Handy
Mark Delucchi
Daniel Coffee
J. R. DeShazo
2020

The purpose of this study overall is to explore the policy pathways to achieve a zero carbon transportation system in California by 2045. The purpose of this synthesis report is to describe the existing state of knowledge and policy related to energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector, especially in California. It is an interim product of the larger study, which will use this report as the baseline and policy context sections. The report comprises four sections. Section 1 provides an overview of the major components of transportation systems and how those...

Safety and Capacity Analysis of Automated and Manual Highway Systems

Carbaugh, Jason
Godbole, Datta N.
Raja Sengupta
1999

This paper compares safety of automated and manual highway systems with respect to result- ing rear-end collision frequency and severity. The results show that automated driving is safer than the most alert manual drivers, at similar speeds and capacities. We also present a detailed safety-capacity tradeo study for four di erent Automated Highway System concepts that di er in their information structure and separation policy.

WTRP - Wireless Token Ring Protocol

Ergen, M.
Lee, Duke
Raja Sengupta
Varaiya, P.
2004

The wireless token ring protocol (WTRP) is a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs). In contrast with IEEE 802.11 networks, WTRP guarantees quality of service (QoS) in terms of bounded latency and reserved bandwidth, which are critical in many real-time applications. Compared to 802.11, WTRP improves efficiency by reducing the number of retransmissions due to collisions, and it is more fair as all stations use the channel for the same amount of time. Stations take turns transmitting and give up the right to transmit after a specified amount of...

Real-time Estimation of a Markov Process Over a Noisy Digital Communication Channel

Xu, Qing
Raja Sengupta
2005

We study the real-time estimation of a Markov process over a memoryless noisy digital communication channel. The goal of system design is to minimize the mean squared estimation error. We first show the optimal encoder and decoder can be memoryless in terms of the source symbols. We then prove the optimal encoder separates the real space with hyperplanes. In the case of the binary symmetric channel and scalar source, the optimal encoder can be a threshold. A recursive algorithm is given to jointly find a locally optimal encoder and decoder for the binary symmetric channel. For a memoryless...

Decentralized Error-Dependent Transmission Control for Model-Based Estimation Over a Multi-Access Network

Huang, Ching-Ling
Raja Sengupta
2008

This paper is motivated by the estimation problem and active safety design for ITS. We investigate the performance of model-based estimation over a multi-access network and emphasizes on asymptotic time-averaged MSE while using error-dependent transmission control. The performance of this decentralized policy is analyzed and an improved policy is also proposed to achieve robustness in a shared channel. Our results suggest that, while designing communication logic for vehicular safety applications, dynamics of the system and channel congestion should be considered at the same time.