Bicycling

Pedal Power: Operational Models, Opportunities, and Obstacles of Bike Lending in North America

Shaheen, Susan
Wolfe, Brooke
Cohen, Adam
2025

Bike lending offers a service that enables individuals to borrow bicycles for short-term use (i.e., ranging from 2 hours to 36 months), typically from designated locations within cities, campuses, or communities. Unlike bikesharing systems that typically rely on automated kiosks and/or undocked and free-floating devices for public access, bike lending involves a managed program with staff, similar to a library model. These programs can be administered by community organizations, bike shops, public libraries, and other local entities. They are typically community- or membership-based, with...

Exploring Bicycle and Public Transit Use by Low-Income Latino Immigrants: A Mixed-Methods Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

Barajas, Jesus
Chatman, Daniel
Agrawal, Asha
2016

Latin American immigrants will continue to make up a large share of transit ridership, bicycling and walking in the United States for the foreseeable future, but there is relatively little research about them. This mixed-methods study compares the travel patterns of low-income immigrants living in the San Francisco Bay Area with that of other groups and investigates the barriers and constraints faced by low-income immigrants when taking transit and bicycling. Much of the previous work on immigrant travel has relied on national surveys and qualitative analysis, which underrepresent...

Improved Analysis Methodologies and Strategies for Complete Streets

Fournier, Nicholas
Huang, Amy
Skabardonis, Alexander
University of California, Berkeley
California Department of Transportation
California Business Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
2021

Complete streets movement is a national effort to return to traditional streets in cities to enhance livability, safely, accommodate all modes of travel, provide travel choices, ease traffic congestion, and promote healthier communities. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and several local agencies in the State have developed implementation plans for complete streets. In this project, the authors developed and tested improved strategies and analysis methodologies for complete streets, taking into consideration the emerging advances in technology on control devices and...

Evaluation of a Novel Methodology to Measure Bicycle Network Connectivity

Miah, Md Mintu
Fournier, Nicholas
Skabardonis, Alexander
2025

Bicycling is among the most environmentally sustainable and economically affordable travel modes available. The popularity of bicycling activities strongly depends on the availability of well-connected bicycle networks. Existing methodologies to measure network connectivity are often purely academic, complex, subjective, or locally specific. This study aims to develop and test a reliable methodology for evaluating bicycle network connectivity. The study proposed two weighted shortest-path graph algorithms: the low-stress bike network connectivity (LSBNC), and designated bicycle network...

Bicycle Level of Service: Accounting for Protected Lanes, Traffic Exposure, and Delay

Fournier, Nicholas
Huang, Amy
Skabardonis, Alexander
Transportation Research Board
2021

Motorized traffic exposure and delay are two critical factors for bicycle level of service (LOS). Unfortunately, the current Highway Capacity Manual’s methodology for bicycle LOS fully accounts for neither. At the intersection level, motorized traffic speed and bicycle delay are not considered at all; and at the link level there is no account for one of the most effective traffic-exposure mitigating infrastructure types, separated bicycle lanes. This creates a systemic problem, enabling the design of roadways that ignore bicycle exposure and delay (i.e., comfort and safety), while giving...

Creating an Inclusive Bicycle Level of Service: Virtual Bicycle Simulator Study

Griswold, Julia B.
Aguilar, Edna
Wang, Han
Miah, Md Mintu
2025

Bicycle level of service (BLOS) is an essential performance measure for transportation agencies to monitor and prioritize improvements to infrastructure, but existing measures do not capture the nuance of facility differences on the state highway system. However, with the advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology, a VR bicycle simulator is an ideal tool to safely gather user feedback on a variety of bicycling environments and conditions. This research explored the benefits and limitations of using a VR environment to assess individuals’ bike infrastructure preferences. We conducted a...

Bicycle Infrastructure that Extends Beyond the Door: Examining Investments in Bicycle-Oriented Design Through a Qualitative Survey of Commercial Building Owners and Tenants

Orrick, Phyllis
Frick, Karen
Ragland, David R.
2011

This paper presents the results of a qualitative survey of commercial owners, managers, and occupants in the City of Berkeley who have invested in on-site bicycle facilities such as secure parking, showers, changing rooms, and clothing lockers, what we are calling “bicycle-oriented design” (BOD). The sites represent a selection of building types common in the commercial building stock in U.S. cities.The research is designed to answer three questions about the use of BOD: (1) what were motivations behind the decision to invest in BOD (2) what are the challenges and rewards for investing in...

Bicycle Level of Service: Proposed Updated Pavement Quality Index

Huang, Jiayun
Fournier, Nicholas
Skabardonis, Alexander
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
2021

The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) employs a simple five-point system to assess the quality of bikeway pavement as part of the comprehensive bicycle level of service (LOS) evaluation. Unfortunately, the ambiguous and rudimentary nature of the existing HCM Pavement Quality Index (PQI) fails to offer an objective review of bikeways across different jurisdictions. In the following analysis, first is an assessment of the PQI and bicycle LOS in the HCM. To demonstrate the impact of the pavement quality rating and the importance of a more standardized evaluation method, a sensitivity analysis is...

Development of Crash Reduction Factors for Bicycle-Related Safety Countermeasures

Grembeck, Offer
Griswold, Julia
University of California, Berkeley
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Highway Safety Research Center
2019

Developing quality California-specific crash modification factors (CMFs) for bicycle-related safety countermeasures will support practitioners in making more informed decisions about infrastructure improvement projects. The researchers identified a comprehensive list of countermeasures, identified existing CMFs and reviewed their quality and applicability to California, determined key bicycle injury and fatality crash patterns in the state, prioritized potential bicycle safety countermeasures for study, and identified potential study sites. The results show there is limited availability of...

Evaluate the Safety Effects of Adopting a Stop-as-Yield Law for Cyclists in California

Mahdinia, Iman
Griswold, Julia B.
Unda, Rafael
Sohrabi, Soheil
Grembek, Offer
2024

The escalating number of injuries and fatalities among cyclists is a pressing safety concern. In the United States, communities are actively seeking strategies to boost cyclist safety, with some states implementing bike-specific policies, such as stop-as-yield laws, to support cyclists. Stop-as-yield laws allow cyclists to treat stop signs as yield signs. The laws are not yet widely implemented, and their potential safety impact is a subject of debate among transportation experts and advocates. This study investigates how stop-as-yield laws can positively or negatively affect safety and...