Electric Vehicles

Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Mark Delucchi
Tim Lipman
2010
This chapter reviews the estimates of the full social lifetime cost of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCEV), which consists of the initial and periodic costs of owning and operating a vehicle, including some nonmarket costs that are incurred by the society as a whole. When compared with a conventional gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), advanced BEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs have higher initial costs, lower fuel costs, lower external costs, possibly higher insurance costs, and possibly lower...

Economic and Environmental Benefits for Electricity Grids from Spatiotemporal Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging

Soomin Woo
Zhe Fu
Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou
Tim Lipman
2021
This article addresses the problem of estimating the potential economic and environmental gains for utility grids of shifting the electric-vehicle (EV) charging time and location. The current literature on shifting EV charging loads has been limited by real-world data availability and has typically therefore relied on simulated studies. Collaborating with a large automobile company and a major utility grid operator in California, this research used actual EV operational data and grid-operation data including locational marginal prices, marginal-grid-emission-rate data, and renewable-energy-...

Plug-in-Hybrid Vehicle Use, Energy Consumption, and Greenhouse Emissions: An Analysis of Household Vehicle Placements in Northern California

Brett Williams
Elliot Martin
Tim Lipman
Daniel Kammen
2011
We report on the real-world use over the course of one year of a nickel-metal-hydride plug-in hybrid—the Toyota Plug-In HV—by a set of 12 northern California households able to charge at home and work. From vehicle use data, energy and greenhouse-emissions implications are also explored. A total of 1557 trips—most using under 0.5 gallons of gasoline—ranged up to 2.4 hours and 133 miles and averaged 14 minutes and 7 miles. 399 charging events averaged 2.6 hours. The maximum lasted 4.6 hours. Most recharges added less than 1.4 kWh, with a mean charge of 0.92 kWh. The average power drawn was...

Modeling the Future California Electricity Grid and Renewable Energy Integration with Electric Vehicles

Florian Triel
Tim Lipman
2020

This study focuses on determining the impacts and potential value of unmanaged and managed uni-directional and bi-directional charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to integrate intermittent renewable resources in California in the year 2030. The research methodology incorporates the utilization of multiple simulation tools including V2G-SIM, SWITCH, and GridSim. SWITCH is used to predict a cost-effective generation portfolio to meet the renewable electricity goals of 60% in California by 2030. PEV charging demand is predicted by incorporating mobility behavior studies and...

Architecture for Co-Simulation of Transportation and Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Charging at Scale in the San Francisco Bay Area

Nadia Panossian
Haitam Laarabi
Keith Moffat
Heather Chang
Bryan Palmintier
Andrew Meintz
Tim Lipman
Rashid Waraich
2023

This work describes the Grid-Enhanced, Mobility-Integrated Network Infrastructures for Extreme Fast Charging (GEMINI) architecture for the co-simulation of distribution and transportation systems to evaluate EV charging impacts on electric distribution systems of a large metropolitan area and the surrounding rural regions with high fidelity. The current co-simulation is applied to Oakland and Alameda, California, and in future work will be extended to the full San Francisco Bay Area. It uses the HELICS co-simulation framework to enable parallel instances of vetted grid and transportation...

Hydrogen Infrastructure for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Technical Status, International Developments, and the Looming Hydrogen Fuel Supply Gap

Tim Lipman
Maggie Witt
2014

Several major automakers are preparing to produce and sell hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles in the 2015-2017 timeframe. These sales are projected for international markets, led by the United States, Europe, Japan, and other parts of Asia, and are arranged around various “joint development” consortia. Unlike other types of hybrid and full electric vehicles that rely upon widely available gasoline and electricity infrastructure to refuel, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles require a novel hydrogen fuel-dispensing infrastructure. Much progress has been made in developing codes and standards for...

Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Tim Lipman
Mark Delucchi
2010

This chapter presents background on greenhouse gas emission (GHG) formation from motor vehicles and then estimates of GHG emissions from various types of electric vehicles (EVs) such as battery, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from studies conducted by research groups at universities, national labs, government agencies, and other groups are reviewed. EVs can even have very low to zero emissions of GHGs when they run on renewable fuels; however, at present, EVs are more expensive than other options that offer significant reductions at lower costs as electricity is largely...

Lifecycle Cost Assessment and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Diesel, Natural Gas, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell Hybrid and Electric Transit Buses

Antti Lajunen
Tim Lipman
2016

This paper evaluates the lifecycle costs and carbon dioxide emissions of different types of city buses. The simulation models of the different powertrains were developed in the Autonomie vehicle simulation software. The carbon dioxide emissions were calculated both for the bus operation and for the fuel and energy pathways from well to tank. Two different operating environment case scenarios were used for the primary energy sources, which were Finland and California (USA). The fuel and energy pathways were selected appropriately in relation to the operating environment. The lifecycle costs...

Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Charging Detection Using Utility Energy Consumption Data

Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou
Soomin Woo
Tim Lipman
2019

Partly in response to ongoing environmental and energy security concerns, and with supportive government policies, the total number of electric vehicles (EVs) has been rapidly increasing in the last years worldwide. The growing EV penetration into the electric power system changes the electricity consumption profiles and leads to challenges for different stakeholders such as transmission system operators and electric utilities. Electric utilities benefit from having information of EV charging to forecast any additional load and peaks, to understand temporal and spatial aspects, and to...

Behavioral Response to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Refueling: Results of California Drive Clinics

Elliot Martin
Susan Shaheen
Tim Lipman
Jeffrey Lidicker
2009

Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have emerged as a zero tailpipe-emission alternative to the battery electric vehicle (EV). To address questions about consumer reaction to FCVs, this report presents the results of a “ride-and-drive” clinic series (N=182) held in 2007 with a Mercedes-Benz A-Class “F-Cell” hydrogen FCV. The clinic evaluated participant reactions to driving and riding in an FCV, as well as vehicle refueling. Pre-and post-clinic surveys assessed consumer response. More than 80% left with a positive overall impression of hydrogen. The majority...