Electric Vehicles

Technology Status and Expected Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Battery, Plug‐In Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Tim Lipman
2011

Electric vehicles (EVs) of various types are experiencing a commercial renaissance but of uncertain ultimate success. Many new electric‐drive models are being introduced by different automakers with significant technical improvements from earlier models, particularly with regard to further refinement of drivetrain systems and important improvements in battery and fuel cell systems. The various types of hybrid and all‐electric vehicles can offer significant greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions when compared to conventional vehicles on a full fuel‐cycle basis. In fact, most EVs used under most...

Open-Source, Open-Architecture Software Platform for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Smart Charging in California

Tim Lipman
Duncan Callaway
Therese Peffer
Alexandra Von Meier
2020

This interdisciplinary eXtensible Building Operating System–Vehicles project focuses on controlling plug-in electric vehicle charging at residential and small commercial settings using a novel and flexible open-source, open-architecture charge communication and control platform. The platform provides smart charging functionalities and benefits to the utility, homes, and businesses.This project investigates four important areas of vehicle-grid integration research, integrating technical as well as social and behavioral dimensions: smart charging user needs assessment, advanced load control...

Economic Assessment of Electric-Drive Vehicle Operation in California and Other U.S. Regions

Jeffrey Lidicker
Tim Lipman
Susan Shaheen
2010

This study examines the relative economics of electric vehicle operation in the context of current electricity rates in specific utility service territories. Fourteen utility territories offering electric vehicle (EV) rates were examined, with a focus on California but including other regions of the United States. The consumer costs of EV charging were examined in comparison with gasoline price data, geographic location, and three highly variable gasoline price periods: July 2008, January 2009, and July 2009. In a switch from a conventional 23 mpg (10.2-L/100 km) vehicle to a 300 Wh/mi...

Business Model for Subscription Service for Electric Vehicles Including Battery Swapping, for San Francisco Bay Area, California

Jeffrey Lidicker
Tim Lipman
Brett Williams
2011

A proposed strategy for facilitating the introduction of electric-drive vehicles calls for vehicle purchasers to own the vehicle but to lease the battery from a third party to help reduce the first-cost hurdle to consumers. A further extension of this concept for all-battery electric vehicles (EVs) would include the ability for consumers to exchange their discharged batteries for charged ones at battery swap stations. This factor would extend the driving range for EV service subscribers but with increased costs to build and operate the stations. This analysis centers around a base-case...

Lifecycle Cost Assessment and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Diesel, Natural Gas, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell Hybrid and Electric Transit Buses

Antti Lajunen
Tim Lipman
2016

This paper evaluates the lifecycle costs and carbon dioxide emissions of different types of city buses. The simulation models of the different powertrains were developed in the Autonomie vehicle simulation software. The carbon dioxide emissions were calculated both for the bus operation and for the fuel and energy pathways from well to tank. Two different operating environment case scenarios were used for the primary energy sources, which were Finland and California (USA). The fuel and energy pathways were selected appropriately in relation to the operating environment. The lifecycle costs...

Multifamily Households Across California are Paying a Lot More to Charge Their Electric Vehicle

Diya Kandhra
Dwight MacCurdy
Tim Lipman
2024

To better understand inequities in EV charging costs, we compared charging costs at public EV DCFC stations to the cost for single-family housing (SFH) residents charging at home for three California electric utility service areas, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) and Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), and for three specific urban areas - Sacramento, San Diego, and San Jose. We used a combination of observed pricing data from PlugShare, a crowd-sourced database of public EV charging, and public DCFC pricing...

Comprehensive Review of California's Innovative Clean Transit Regulation: Phase I Summary Report

Matthew Jeffers
Kenneth Kelly
Tim Lipman
Andre Fernandes Tomon Avelino
Caley Johnson
Mengming Li
Matthew Post
Yimin Zhang
2022

This report–prepared by NREL and UC Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board (CARB)–provides a comprehensive review conducted for implementation of the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation and deployment of zero-emission transit buses in California. The ICT regulation requires California transit agencies to begin transitioning to zero-emission vehicle technologies, defining an increasing percentage of new bus purchases that must be zero-emission buses (ZEBs) each year. The purchase requirements begin in 2023, increasing to a 100% ZEB purchase requirement beginning in 2029. This...

Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Mark Delucchi
Tim Lipman
2010
This chapter reviews the estimates of the full social lifetime cost of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCEV), which consists of the initial and periodic costs of owning and operating a vehicle, including some nonmarket costs that are incurred by the society as a whole. When compared with a conventional gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), advanced BEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs have higher initial costs, lower fuel costs, lower external costs, possibly higher insurance costs, and possibly lower...

Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Charging Detection Using Utility Energy Consumption Data

Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou
Soomin Woo
Tim Lipman
2019

Partly in response to ongoing environmental and energy security concerns, and with supportive government policies, the total number of electric vehicles (EVs) has been rapidly increasing in the last years worldwide. The growing EV penetration into the electric power system changes the electricity consumption profiles and leads to challenges for different stakeholders such as transmission system operators and electric utilities. Electric utilities benefit from having information of EV charging to forecast any additional load and peaks, to understand temporal and spatial aspects, and to...

Electric Vehicle Charge Management for Lowering Costs and Environmental Impact

Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou
Marco Pruckner
Soomin Woo
Tim Lipman
2020

As the number of electric vehicles is increasing, there is a pervasive call for research and new strategies in the field of vehicle grid integration. Using electric vehicle real-time data, drivers' spatial behavior and patterns can be derived for their morning and evening commute. These patterns combined with dynamic electricity costs, wholesale and retail, and variable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, lead to significant outcomes on savings and environmental impact. In this study, electric vehicle charging management is analyzed for the case of north California, using real world data. The...