Policy

A Tale of Two Trails: Exploring Different Paths to Success

Walker, JG
Evenson, KR
Davis, WJ
Bors, P
Rodriguez, DA
2011

This comparative case study investigates 2 successful community trail initiatives, using the Active Living By Design (ALBD) Community Action Model as an analytical framework. The model includes 5 strategies: preparation, promotion, programs, policy, and physical projects. Key stakeholders at 2 sites participated in in-depth interviews (N = 14). Data were analyzed for content using Atlas Ti and grouped according to the 5 strategies. Preparation: Securing trail resources was challenging, but shared...

Improving Health Through Policies that Promote Active Travel: A Review of Evidence to Support Integrated Health Impact Assessment

Nazelle, A De
Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ
Anto, JM
Brauer, M
Briggs, D
Braun-Fahrlander, C
Cavill, N
Cooper, A
Desqueyroux, H
Fruin, S
Hoek, G
Panis, L
Janssen, N
Jerrett, M
Joffe, M
Andersen, Z
Kempen, E
Kingham, S
Kubesch, N
Leyden, K
Marshall, J
Matamala, J
Mellios, G
Mendez, M
Nassif, H
Ogilvie, D
Peiró, R
Perez, K
Rabl, A
Ragettli, M
Rodriguez, D
Rojas, D
Ruiz, P
Sallis, J
Terwoert, J
Toussaint, J
Tuomisto, J
Zuurbier, M
Lebret, E
2011
Substantial policy changes to control obesity, limit chronic disease, and reduce air pollution emissions, including greenhouse gasses, have been recommended. Transportation and planning policies that promote active travel by walking and cycling can contribute to these goals, potentially yielding further co-benefits. Little is known, however, about the interconnections among effects of policies considered, including potential unintended consequences. We review available literature regarding health impacts from policies that encourage active travel in the context of developing health...

Planning for Pedestrians and Bicyclists: Results from a Statewide Municipal Survey

Evenson, KR
Aytur, SA
Satinsky, SB
Kerr, ZY
Rodriguez, DA
2011

We surveyed North Carolina (NC) municipalities to document the presence of municipal walking- and bicycling-related projects, programs, and policies; to describe whether prevalence of these elements differed if recommended in a plan; and to characterize differences between urban and rural municipalities. We surveyed all municipalities with ≥ 5000 persons (n = 121) and sampled municipalities with < 5000 persons (216/420), with a response rate of 54% (183/337). Responses were weighted to account for the sampling design. From a...

Out and About: Association of the Built Environment with Physical Activity Behaviors of Adolescent Females

Rodriguez, DA
Cho, GH
Evenson, KR
Conway, TL
Cohen, D
Ghosh-Dastidar, B
Pickrel, J
Veblen-Mortenson, S
Lytle, L
2012

Locational data, logged on portable GPS units and matched with accelerometer data, was used to examine associations of the built environment with physical activity and sedentary behaviors of adolescent females. In a sample of 293 adolescent females aged 15 to 18 years old in Minneapolis and San Diego, the built environment around each GPS point and its corresponding sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity was examined using random intercept multinomial logistic regression models. The odds of higher physical activity intensity (3-level outcome: sedentary...

A Theory Of Traffic Flow In Automated Highway Systems

Broucke, M.
Varaiya, P.
1995

This paper presents a theory for automated traffic flow, based on abstraction of vehicle activities such as entry, exit and cruising, derived from a vehicle's automatic control laws. The theory formulates TMC traffic plans as the specification of the activities and speed of vehicles, and the entry and exit flows for each highway section. The theory permits the study of transient phenomena such as congestion, and TMC feed back traffic rules designed to deal with transients.

Safety and Capacity Analysis of Automated and Manual Highway Systems

Carbaugh, Jason
Godbole, Datta N.
Sengupta, Raja
1999

This paper compares safety of automated and manual highway systems with respect to result- ing rear-end collision frequency and severity. The results show that automated driving is safer than the most alert manual drivers, at similar speeds and capacities. We also present a detailed safety-capacity tradeo study for four di erent Automated Highway System concepts that di er in their information structure and separation policy.

Determinants of Bicycle Commuting Propensity: Findings from a Questionnaire-Based Investigation in Barcelona, Spain

Cole-Hunter, T
Donaire-Gonzalez, D
Curto, A
Mendez, MA
Garcia-Aymerich, J
Jerrett, M
Rodriguez, DA
Nazelle, A De
Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ
2013
The current study (of the TAPAS project) aimed to ascertain which factors, both psychological (mental) and physical (practical), were acting as the greatest determinants for bicycle commuting propensity of the working (or studying) population of Barcelona, Spain. Methods: Adults [N=795; 51% female, 87% nationals. Mean ± standard deviation: age = 37 ± 10, body mass index = 23.5 ± 3.3] who commuted to work or school in Barcelona responded to a comprehensive questionnaire (via telephone) concerning their commute activity and attitude. Respondents were categorised as either frequent or infrequent...

La Motocicleta en América Latina: Caracterización de Su Uso e Impactos en la Movilidad en Cinco Ciudades de la Región

Rodriguez, DA
Santana, M
Pardo, EF
2015

En esta investigación se examina la forma como se usa la motocicleta, sus causas, y sus consecuencias en cinco ciudades de América Latina (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Buenos Aires, Caracas y San Pablo). El propósito es generar insumos para la formulación de políticas públicas que contemplen las múltiples dimensiones del uso de la motocicleta, al mismo tiempo que busque resolver las principales consecuencias negativas que su uso conlleva. Sirve también para llamar la atención sobre otras investigaciones que deben profundizarse sobre el tema. Del trabajo realizado se desprenden factores que...

Modeling Spatial Segregation and Travel Cost Influences on Utilitarian Walking: Towards Policy Intervention

Yang, Y
Auchincloss, AH
Rodriguez, DA
Brown, DG
Riolo, R
Roux, A
2015

We develop an agent-based model of utilitarian walking and use the model to explore spatial and socio-economic factors affecting adult utilitarian walking and how travel costs as well as various educational interventions aimed at changing attitudes can alter the prevalence of walking and income differentials in walking. The model is validated against US national data. We contrast realistic and extreme parameter values in our model and test effects of changing these parameters across various segregation and pricing scenarios while allowing for interactions between travel choice and...

A42 Transportation, Air Pollution and Physical ActivitieS (TAPAS): A Comprehensive Research Programme on Active Travel

Nazelle, A De
Rojas-Rueda, D
Jerrett, M
Rodriguez, D
Cole-Hunter, T
Donaire, D
Andersen, Z
Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ
2015
Encouraging walking and cycling as means of transportation may have diverse benefits, such as reduced pollutant emissions and increased physical activity in the population. At the same time, individuals who shift to active travel modes may also experience increased risks of traffic...